Tremor stabilisation apparatus and methods

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to improvements in or relating to tremor stabilisation apparatus and methods, in particular to gyroscopic devices for use in controlling tremors of parts of the body and for reducing effects of tremors on the human body. The apparatus includes a wearable element and at least one gyroscopic device mounted or mountable to the wearable element, the gyroscopic device including a gyroscope and a gyroscope housing. The at least one gyroscopic device may be mounted within the housing such that the gyroscope may precess with respect to the housing. The mount may include a hinge to which the gyroscope is mounted and a hinge plate or hinge mount to which the hinge is mounted for rotation with respect to the gyroscope housing, such as a turntable mounted to the gyroscope housing. The gyroscopic devices may include a control arrangement to control the precession of the gyroscope.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to improvements in or relating to tremor stabilisation apparatus and methods, in particular to gyroscopic devices for use in controlling tremors of parts of the body, both physiological and pathological, especially the hands.

BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE

Involuntary muscle tremors occur in a range of neurological conditions, notably degenerative conditions such as Parkinson's disease.

Numerous proposals for mediating hand tremors using gyroscopes have been proposed. U.S. Pat. No. 5,058,571 describes an early proposal in which a battery-driven gyroscope is held against the back face of the hand by a strap. A gyroscope seeks to maintain the orientation of its spinning axis and resists any action that seeks to cause a change in that orientation. Thus, the theory of using a gyroscope is that the onset of a muscle tremor causes a movement in the hand but the gyroscope acts against that movement, substantially cancelling out the tremor.

However, as noted in U.S. Pat. No. 6,730,049, the device of U.S. Pat. No. 5,058,571, having a single gyroscope, is capable only of reducing involuntary movement in one planar direction. However, involuntary movements are rarely one-dimensional with respect to arm movement. U.S. Pat. No. 6,730,049 proposes a splint to bind the user's lower arm, wrist and hand, leaving just the thumb and fingers free. Thus, any involuntary movement within the bound area, irrespective of dimension, is transferred to the splint. A gyroscope is mounted to the splint in such a position that it counters this movement. In some embodiments, two gyroscopes are mounted to the splint with their rotational axes mounted orthogonally to one another. The device is claimed to be tuneable to a particular patient's tremor profile by adjustment of the location of the gyroscope along the length of the splint.

However, the skilled person will immediately appreciate that this device prevents all free movement within the lower arm other than of the fingers. Even movement of the thumb is considerably restricted, severely limiting the patient's range of activities, potentially exacerbating the practical consequences of the patient's condition rather than alleviating it.

Accordingly, there is a need for improved tremor stabilisation techniques.

SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

In its broadest sense, the present invention provides an apparatus for reducing effects of tremors on the human body. The apparatus comprises a wearable element and at least one gyroscopic device mounted or mountable to the wearable element, the gyroscopic device comprising a gyroscope and a gyroscope housing. The apparatus is characterised in that the at least one gyroscopic device is mounted within the housing by means of a mount which allows the gyroscope to precess with respect to the housing.

In one embodiment, the mount comprises a hinge to which the gyroscope is mounted and a hinge plate or hinge mount to which the hinge is mounted for rotation with respect to the gyroscope housing.

Preferably the hinge plate or hinge mount comprises a turntable mounted to the gyroscope housing.

Preferably, the or each gyroscopic device further comprises a control arrangement to control the precession of the gyroscope.

In certain embodiments, the control arrangement comprises a plurality of elastomeric dampers.

Additionally, or alternatively, the control arrangement comprises a magnetic control arrangement, preferably comprising at least one magnetic disc or annular magnet associated with the gyroscope.

Suitably, the control arrangement includes a motor, preferably a stepped motor, and drive arrangement associated with the turntable, preferably a direct drive arrangement, such as a gear assembly, or a belt drive arrangement.

In one embodiment, the apparatus comprises a plurality of gyroscopic devices. Preferably, the plurality of gyroscopic devices are distributed across a surface or surfaces of the wearable element.

Preferably, the gyroscope housing includes a switchable control circuit controlling the operation of the or each gyroscope. More preferably, the control circuit includes a switch mounted to the gyroscope housing.

Preferably, the apparatus further comprises a battery power supply, preferably a rechargeable battery power supply, more preferably, a rechargeable battery power supply system rechargeable by a near-field wireless or induction charging system.

Preferably, the gyroscopic devices are powered wirelessly and the apparatus further comprises a wireless power control circuit.

Preferably, the wearable element is a glove, sock, shoe, strap or headgear.

Preferably, the apparatus further comprises at least one of: an accelerometer; one or more sensors, including fall sensors, sleep sensors, body metrics sensors such as blood pressure, pulse, temperature, skin conductivity and sweat sensors.

Optionally, the apparatus further includes a voice-recognition control system.

Preferably, the or each gyroscopic device includes a gyroscope disc having a plurality of radially directed lines of weakness formed therein.

Preferably, each gyroscopic device has a gyroscope disc formed with a plurality of radial fingers. More preferably, a radial length of each finger is adjustable.

Preferably, each gyroscopic device has a gyroscope disc driven by a motor and wherein the apparatus further comprises adjustment means for adjusting or modulating a current through the motor or voltage applied to the motor.

Preferably, the apparatus further comprises a global positioning system and tracking functionality.

Preferably, the apparatus further comprises wireless networking functionality linkable to external computer-based systems, such as computers, including remote computers, and mobile devices such as smartphones, laptops and tablet devices.

Preferably, the apparatus further comprises a heat-management arrangement, to remove heat generated by the gyroscopic devices.

In some embodiments, the heat management arrangement comprises the use of a heat-conductive casing to the gyroscopic devices. The heat management arrangement may also comprise a heat sink, optionally a heat sink forming a part of a casing to the gyroscopic devices. In preferred embodiments, heat recovered from the gyroscopic device is channelled to the wearable element to provide a heating function.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The above and other aspects of the present invention will now be described in further detail, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying figures, in which:

FIG. 1 shows an embodiment of an apparatus in accordance with the present invention in attached to a hand;

FIG. 2 is an exploded view of the gyroscope and gyroscope housing of the embodiment of FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of the gyroscope and housing of the embodiment of FIG. 1;

FIG. 4 is a graph illustrating the performance of the embodiment of FIG. 1;

FIGS. 5A, 5B and 5C are perspective views of a further embodiment of an apparatus in accordance with the present invention in the form of a glove

FIG. 6 shows, in several view, a further alternative gyroscope disc arrangement;

FIG. 7 is a perspective view of a yet further embodiment of an apparatus in accordance with the present invention in the form of a glove;

FIGS. 8A to 13 show schematic views of several alternative gyroscope assemblies.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

A gyroscope is a device having a rotatable disc which is freely rotatable about an axis. As the disc rotates, the gyroscope will resist the action of an applied couple and tends to maintain a fixed orientation. If the gyroscope is rotationally displaced, angular momentum is conserved through nutation of the device about an axis which is mutually perpendicular to the axis of disc rotation and the axis through which the device is displaced.

A gyroscope will exert a gyroscopic moment which is proportional in magnitude to the moment of inertia of the disc, the angular velocity of the disc and the angular velocity of nutation. The direction vector of the gyroscopic moment is proportional to the vector cross product of the angular velocity of the disc and the angular velocity of the nutation of the device.

The apparatus of the present invention includes a plurality of gyroscopic devices spaced about the part of the body to which the apparatus is applied. The plurality of gyroscopic devices together apply a cumulative net gyroscopic moment to the body when the state of equilibrium of the body is perturbed, such as during a tremor or rotational displacement, but allows for the use of smaller gyroscopes, thereby spreading the mass of the gyroscopes across the body part making the device easier to wear and also reducing the bulk of the apparatus, thereby hindering dexterity and movement to a lesser degree than with known devices with larger gyroscopes.

FIG. 1 shows an embodiment of an apparatus in accordance with the present invention in the form of a glove 10 having a gyroscopic device 11 mounted thereto on the back of a hand 12. In the embodiment shown, glove 10 is of the open or fingerless type to allow free-movement of the fingers 13 and thumb 14. Preferably, the glove is formed as a fabric support for the gyroscopic device, attachable to the wrist, fingers and thumb of the wearer by means of straps, suitably straps using a hook and loop-type adjustable securing arrangement. The fabric is preferably of a soft, comfortable material that it can be worn comfortably for extended periods of time. In preferred embodiments, the fabric is of the type described in WO 2014/127291 in which van der Waals forces are developed between a soft silicone fabric surface and a wearer's skin, to retain the fabric in place.

FIG. 2 is an exploded perspective of a preferred embodiment of a gyroscopic device. The gyroscope includes a rotatable disc 20, suitably a metal disc, such as a brass disc, driven by a brushless DC motor 21. In the embodiment shown, the gyroscope is driven by a small DC power supply in the form of batteries 22 controlled by control circuit 23. In alternative arrangements, the power supply and control circuit are remote from the gyroscope device.

Motor 21 of the gyroscope is mounted to a gyroscope table 24 which is, in turn, mounted to a precession hinge 25, mounted to a hinge plate 30. Hinge plate 30 is mounted to a turntable 31 which is, in turn, fixedly secured to glove 10 of the apparatus. Thus, in use, the axis of the gyroscope is able to precess by virtue of the two-axis anchoring provided by the combination of the precession hinge 25 and turntable 31.

Precession, and controlled precession of the gyroscope axis ensures that the resultant vector of resistance of the apparatus is always substantially in opposition to the tremor vector.

Elastomeric dampers are provided between hinge plate 30 and gyroscope table 24 to limit the precessional angle, being the angle between the axis of precessing gyroscope and an axis normal to the hinge plate 30.

In certain embodiments, magnets are incorporated to the or each gyroscope device, either in place of the elastomeric dampers or in addition, to further control the precession of the gyroscope. For example, one or more magnetic discs or rings or a toroidal magnet are disposed about the gyroscope disc 20, to control its precession. Alternative arrangements are equally suitable, such as springs and variable electromagnets. Additionally, orientation of the turntable can be controlled, for example by means of a stepping motor and gear arrangement, to provide further control over multiple axes of tremor with a single gyroscope.

A housing 32, attachable to the glove, encloses the gyroscope and, in the embodiment shown, provides an actuator, in the form of a switch 33, to turn the motor on and off.

FIG. 3 shows the gyroscopic device in more detail in cross-section, in both a rest orientation (FIG. 3a ) and in a precessing orientation (FIG. 3b ). FIG. 3c shows the inclusion of a stepped motor gear assembly to provide additional control to the turntable and thus provides additional control of precession. Alternative control systems are equally suitable, such as other direct drive assemblies or belt drive assemblies.

FIG. 4 shows the results obtained with the apparatus of FIGS. 1 to 3. In the experiments, the apparatus was attached to a wooden artist's jointed hand which was attached to a support to which a motor having a mass attached eccentrically to the spindle of the motor to induce shaking of the hand. With the apparatus attached to the hand, but not operating, a mean angular velocity magnitude of about 6 degrees per second was seen, with an amplitude from about −5.5 to +3.5. In contrast, with the apparatus of the present invention operating, the mean angular velocity magnitude was reduced to about 0.5 degrees per second, with an amplitude of from about −0.3 to about +0.7. The same performance was viewed qualitatively in a 70 year old female patient diagnosed with Parkinson's Disease and exhibiting strong hand tremors.

In some embodiments, as will be described in further detail below, the gyroscope disc is integrated into the motor and acts as the motor, mounted with a permanent magnet acting as the housing.

An alternative embodiment is illustrated in several views in FIGS. 5A, 5B and 5C. In this embodiment, a gyroscope mount 40 is formed within or attached to a glove element 41. Mount 40 includes a gyroscope-receiving cup 42 for each of the plurality of gyroscopes and an associated demountable cap 43 forming a gyroscope housing for a gyroscopic device 44. In the embodiment shown, mount 40 includes a stem 45 connecting the housing with a battery-housing 50. Cups 42 and stem 45 can be formed integrally with the glove or formed as a demountable unit, allowing for replacement as and when necessary and allowing for the use of a single mount arrangement with a range of glove sizes or, indeed, other forms of attachment to the human body, such as straps, socks, shoes and so on.

Gyroscopic device 44 includes a gyroscope disc 51 and motor 52.

Gyroscope-receiving cup 42 includes such electrical connections as are necessary for coupling the respective gyroscope to the battery supply 50, optionally by hard-wiring of the gyroscope, but preferably by means of electrical contacts or pads within the cup against which corresponding contacts or pads upon the gyroscope unit press and are held securely in place by demountable cap 43.

With the use of a mount 40 of the type described, providing a housing individually for each gyroscope, the individual gyroscopes can be selected to provide different torques from one another if desired, for example if tremors are more prevalent in one particular area or if tremors give rise to larger effects in certain areas of the body. As such, the apparatus of the present invention can be tuned to a particular patient's needs.

It will be appreciated that the gyroscopic devices need to be securely mounted to the glove or other wearable unit such that gyroscopic torque is transferred to the wearer's body rather than being absorbed by, for example, stretching or other movement of the glove. Suitable tensioning can be achieved by the use of elastic members, tensioned wires or similar arrangements; or by inclusion of such elements within the body of the wearable component.

It will be appreciated that miniature gyroscopes have a considerably smaller power requirement than large gyroscopes of the type used in the prior art devices described above. Even with the use of a plurality of small gyroscopes, the total power requirement of devices of the present invention is typically considerably less than that of the prior art. As such, small, lightweight and unobtrusive button cells can be used.

Alternatively, small rechargeable batteries can be used, suitably lithium ion or lithium ion polymer cells. In one arrangement, the rechargeable cells are rechargeable by means of a plug-in connector such as those that are well known in the field of electronic devices, for example, a connection attachable by means of a lead to a USB-powered connection, usually at 5 Volts (V). In alternative embodiments, the rechargeable batteries are rechargeable by means of an induction charging device. Such arrangements are well known in the field and will not be described in further detail.

In a further alternative embodiment, the gyroscopes used in the apparatus are powered directly by a wireless power transmission arrangement without the need for batteries. However, such an apparatus nevertheless preferably includes batteries to provide a backup power supply.

In certain embodiments, additional power supplementation is provided, such as through harnessing of light energy, electromagnetic radiation, thermal gradients and motion. Suitable arrangements include:

-   -   Photovoltaics cells harvesting light energy lining the device         surface, optionally with a transparent scratch resistant         protective layer protecting the cells underneath;     -   Thermoelectric generators exploiting thermal gradients         established between body temperature and environment to generate         electricity. Optionally, heat generated by motors can be used to         establish thermal gradients in relation to a suitable cooling         apparatus;     -   Piezoelectric transducers which convert mechanical strain into         current or voltage lining areas of the glove prone to         deformation;     -   Microfluidic energy harvesters generating electricity through         conversion of kinetic energy in the form of vibration, shear and         flow into electrical energy.

Power generation through motion capture is considered to be of particular interest, particularly embedded microfluidic energy harvesting REWOD-based vibration harvesting. A REWOD process works by generating electricity as a conductive droplet changes position or shape, and thereby its area and position of contact with two oppositely charged dielectric coated electrodes. One design incorporating multiple harvesters encompasses one or more of:

-   -   Conductive fluid droplets (e.g., Galinstan) between oscillating         plates reclaiming energy from the vibrations of motors;     -   Flexible fluidic chambers incorporated into the palmar aspect of         a glove (for example) with fluidic channels lined with         associated electrodes running along the dorsal aspect of         apparatus;     -   Piezoelectric transducers at palmar surface harnessing energy         expended during grip;     -   Sliding electrodes harnessing material shear along the wrist         joint by enabling conductive fluid droplets to shear along the         electrodes.

Through harnessing ambient energy, it becomes possible for the apparatus to achieve autonomous power generation.

The apparatus may further include current or voltage modulation circuitry to allow variation of the speed of rotation of the gyroscope disc 20,51 to allow for additional adjustment and fine tuning of the gyroscopic torque. In the preferred embodiments including telecommunications modules, fine tuning of the device through current or voltage adjustment can be achieved remotely, for example, by means of a computer, such as a computer operated remotely by a clinician, or by means of a portable device, preferably a touch-screen device, for ease of use by the patient, such as a smartphone or tablet computer. This feature allows for the incorporation of additional functionality and monitoring into the application or program running on the device, such as the display of system information and health metrics; and to allow for user customisation and programming.

In certain embodiments, the housing for the gyroscope is sealed and the cavity filled with a gas at a density less than that of atmospheric air or the cavity is under vacuum, to reduce air resistance upon the rotating gyroscope, thereby reducing power draw and increasing efficiency and reliability.

Although illustrated thus far with one or two gyroscopes, the present invention provides apparatus with any number of gyroscopes, to take account, for example, of tremor on a plurality of axes.

As is shown in FIGS. 5A, 5B 5C and 6, in preferred embodiments, the gyroscope disc 51 is advantageously formed with fracture lines 53 and/or fingers 54. Fracture lines 53 form lines of weakness in the disc structure such that, in the event of damage to the gyroscope causing damage to the disc, such as might follow a fall against a hard surface, the disc is encouraged to fracture in a controlled manner. This reduces the likelihood of disc fragments breaching the containment of the cap 43 or the entire housing, mounting and glove.

Additionally, the gyroscope may be constructed with a braking system, to provide rapid deceleration of the disc, both for use and safety reasons. Regenerative braking is preferred to supplement the power supply of the device.

As shown in FIG. 6, formation of gyroscope disc 51 with a plurality of fingers 54, allows adjustment of the legs to adjust the radial dimensions of the disc 51, thereby adjusting the torque profile of the gyroscope. The radial extent of each leg 54 may be adjusted to increase the diameter of the disc as a whole or individual legs may be adjusted to give fine adjustment to the characteristics of the gyroscopic device. This method of adjusting the characteristics of a gyroscope forms a distinct and general aspect of the present invention.

In preferred embodiments, such as those shown in FIG. 6 and in FIG. 8A through 8D described below, the fingers have an additional elastic component that induces contraction to the rotational axis in the event of failure, thereby further reducing the risk of facture components breaching the housing. Suitably, the elastic component is formed by an elastic polymeric material or one or more springs.

In preferred embodiments, additional stability is provided to the fingers by means of a resistive control device, for example resistive bands or dampers such as is shown in FIG. 7, in which magnetorheological fluid dampers 55 are used, disposed about the upper surface of the glove. Such elements may also be mounted about the lower and side surfaces, as required by the requirements of the patient's treatment. These resistive methods can couple the fingers to the main gyroscope housing 42 for additional control of tremor. The elements of the resistive control device can be housed within a separate layer from the gyroscopic units or as components of the gyroscopic housings.

FIGS. 8A through 8D show two variations of a modified gyroscope disc 51 in the form of a disc 60 having spaced upper and lower surfaces 61, 62 and a plurality of apertures 63 disposed circumferentially about an outer surface of the disc 60. Each aperture 63 is adapted to receive a peg 64, which adds mass to the disc, principally to a radially outward portion, thereby providing an alternative mode for adjusting the torque characteristics of the gyroscope. This method of adjusting the characteristics of a gyroscope forms a distinct and general aspect of the present invention.

FIGS. 9 to 13 schematically show various gyroscope arrangements. The various components are represented schematically, not literally. FIG. 9 shows a conventional construction in which gyroscope disc 70 is coupled by a shaft 71 to a brushed or brushless DC motor 72. In FIG. 10, the assembly has been made more compact by mounting motor 82 within a central circular aperture formed within disc 80. Motor 82 is arranged to drive disc 80 through a transmission wheel or gear 81.

In the embodiment of FIG. 11, disc 90 is directly formed integrated with the motor 91. In the gyroscope of FIG. 12, the gyroscope itself is effectively the motor. Gyroscope disc 100 is mounted centrally within the gyroscope and has a plurality of magnets 101 of alternating polarity mounted about its outer circumference. The assembly is mounted within an annulus of alternating field windings 102 with field poles 103 mounted within a frame 104. Gyroscope disc 100 acts as the rotor of the motor and is caused to rotate by means of a correspondingly alternating polarity of the windings 102 in a conventional manner. The embodiment of FIG. 13 works as a motor in the same way as the embodiment of FIG. 12 save that disc 110 with annular alternating polarity magnets 111 has a central aperture 112 through which coil windings 113 pass, which windings are coupled by leads 114 to the electrical supply.

In certain preferred embodiments, the apparatus includes a heat management system to remove heat generated by the spinning gyroscopes. Suitably, the heat management system includes the use of heat-dispersing housings to the gyroscopes including the gyroscope-receiving cup 42 and demountable cap 43.

Preferably, the housings include a heat sink arrangement with the gyroscope-receiving cup 42 and mount 40 to enhance heat removal. Conveniently, the wearable device, such as a glove, includes heat channeling, e.g., through the gyroscope-receiving cup 42 and mount 40 to disperse heat to the glove, thereby allowing the glove to warm a user's hands, in use. Advantageously, a thermally reflective lining is applied with the mount 40 between the gyroscopic devices and the wearable element to reflect heat away from the wearer's body, thereby avoiding localised heating and allowing the heat management system to provide managed warming of the body.

In preferred embodiments, the apparatus of the present invention includes additional functionality, in particular telemetries to provide feedback to a clinician on the operation of the apparatus and monitoring of other parameters of the body, such as blood pressure, pulse, temperature and skin conductivity (such as would vary with sweating et cetera). Additionally, global positioning functionality (GPS) is optionally provided, preferably along with tracking functionality such that patients with additional health concerns such as dementia can be tracked using the apparatus. In certain preferred embodiments, the apparatus incorporates one or more accelerometer devices. These will detect a sudden significant movement of the wearer, such as in the case of a fall.

Preferably, the apparatus further includes a telecommunications module, such as Wi-Fi®, Bluetooth®, GSM, GPRS, 3G, 4G and their developments).

Thereby, data from the apparatus can be communicated back to a clinician or carer or, in potentially life-threatening cases such as a fall of loss of a pulse, to the emergency services or other emergency contacts. The constructional and programming details of such additional functionality will be readily apparent to the skilled person and will not be described in further detail here.

Thus, the apparatus can also be used clinically to monitor the progress of a degenerative disease such as Parkinson's Disease where tremors can vary on a daily basis; and to monitor the effectiveness in alleviation of the symptoms of the disease by medication or following surgical or other techniques. It can also be used to track the general health and wellbeing of the wearer.

Further modifications to the apparatus include the inclusion of near field communication functionality. Common social activities requiring fine motor skill, such as retrieving coins and notes for payment at a cashier are difficult for individuals with Parkinson's Disease, Essential Tremor or other musculoskeletal conditions and significant stigma or simply frustration or embarrassment can attach to these conditions. Near field communication can be built into the device and programmed by suitable computer, tablet or smartphone connectivity, for example, to allow for contactless payment and other payment systems, such as Apple Pay or Google Wallet. Further integration with other devices can be included, such as with brain pacemakers.

Remote monitoring functionality helps reduce costs of healthcare and increases convenience for users, especially non-mobile patients. With GPS functionality, the device can also act as a position tracker, to determine the location of the patient.

Although principally described with respect to stabilisation of hand tremors, the apparatus of the present invention is equally suitable for other parts of the body, including the head, legs and arms, both singly and in combination using a plurality of apparatus.

The apparatus can be used in tracking tremors, for example in physiotherapy and in training situations—surgical, sports and other applications.

The following statements summarise optional additional components of an apparatus and their advantages:

-   -   1. Social interaction functions—sounds, voice and video         communications, vibration, squeezing/pressure, warmth. If a         child thinks of a grandparent, or users think of each other,         they either squeeze the device, associated device, smartwatch,         or send a smartphone alert, which initiates pressure, warmth         with possible addition of alerts, voice and video         communications. Potentially helps prevent isolation, loneliness,         cognitive decline et cetera.     -   2. Memory storage within device:         -   a. Entertainment,         -   b. Contacts,         -   c. Emergency calls e.g. with hotkeys,         -   d. Agenda, appointments, schedules, reminders.     -   3. Gyroscope speed sensors (phonic wheel, optical tachometers,         stroboscopes) which are distinct from intelligent speed         controls. Allows tracking of gyroscope speeds and subsequently         ties with user adjustability. Also allows inclusion of control         means to reduce power draw and increase efficiency. Intelligent         speed controls both autonomously and in conjunction with manual         control and user settings.     -   4. Smartphone apps and other user interfaces—including         peripheral applications such as medicine tracking, brain         pacemaker integration.     -   5. Speaker and microphone.         -   a. Social,             -   i. 2 way communication between user and permissible                 parties,         -   b. Safety.     -   6. Means of alerting user, including flashing lights,         vibrations, piezo electric devices.         -   a. User alerts,         -   b. Encourage movement for health risks,         -   c. Physiotherapy, and training for other applications.     -   7. Physiotherapy.     -   8. SIM card—for telecommunications and data transfer in the         event of wireless network protocol unavailability.     -   9. Safety features and casing functions—water-proofing,         weather-sealing or high ingress protection rating, shock         absorption, sound proofing.     -   10. Solar charging.     -   11. Remote server and cloud storage, transmission and sync         services.         -   a. Sync smart devices,         -   b. Health professionals,         -   c. Secure access and transmission of data.

Although the apparatus of the present invention has been described primarily with respect to therapeutic benefits for suffers of neurological conditions inducing relatively strong tremors, the present invention is equally suitable for other uses where stabilisation of hand vibrations (for example), such as those at a normal level caused simply by pulsation of blood flow would be beneficial, such as in sports (such as archery, darts or golf); fine arts, such as painting fine detail; photography or in surgery.

For the avoidance of doubt, features or aspects of the present invention which are described herein with respect to a specific embodiment are not limited to that embodiment.

The features described may be combined in any combination. Any and all such combinations are encompassed by the invention and shall not and do not constitute added subject matter. 

The invention claimed is:
 1. An apparatus for reducing effects of tremors on the human body, the apparatus comprising: a wearable element; and at least one gyroscopic device mounted to the wearable element; wherein the at least one gyroscopic device comprises a gyroscope and a gyroscope housing; wherein the gyroscope has a gyroscope axis and is mounted within the gyroscope housing via a mount which allows the gyroscope axis to precess with respect to the gyroscope housing; wherein the mount comprises a hinge to which the gyroscope is mounted and a hinge plate to which the hinge is mounted; and wherein the hinge plate is mounted to the gyroscope housing for rotation with respect to the gyroscope housing.
 2. An apparatus as claimed in claim 1 wherein the hinge plate comprises a turntable mounted to the gyroscope housing.
 3. An apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein a control arrangement comprises one or more of a plurality of elastomeric dampers, a stepped motor, and a gear arrangement associated with the gyroscope.
 4. An apparatus as claimed in claim 3, wherein the control arrangement comprises a magnetic control arrangement comprising at least one magnetic disc or annular magnet associated with the gyroscope.
 5. An apparatus as claimed in claim 1, further comprising a control arrangement to control a precession of the gyroscope, wherein the control arrangement includes a stepped motor and gear arrangement associated with the turntable.
 6. An apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein each gyroscopic device has a gyroscope disc formed with a plurality of radial fingers and a radial length of each of the radial fingers is adjustable.
 7. An apparatus as claimed in claim 1 wherein the at least one gyroscopic device comprises plurality of gyroscopic devices distributed across a surface or surfaces of the wearable element and each gyroscopic device is substantially associated with a tremor axis of a patient.
 8. An apparatus as claimed in claim 1 further comprising a battery power supply, a rechargeable battery power supply, or a rechargeable battery power supply system rechargeable by a near-field wireless or induction charging system.
 9. An apparatus as claimed in claim 1 wherein the at least one gyroscopic device is powered wirelessly and the apparatus further comprises a wireless power control circuit, and the wearable element comprises a glove, sock, shoe, strap, or headgear.
 10. An apparatus as claimed in claim 1 further comprising at least one of: an accelerometer and one or more sensors, the one or more sensors selected from a group consisting of: fall sensors, sleep sensors, and body metrics sensors.
 11. An apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the gyroscope comprises a fluid gyroscope.
 12. An apparatus as claimed in claim 11, wherein the fluid comprises a magnetorheological fluid.
 13. An apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein each gyroscopic device includes a gyroscope disc having a plurality of radially directed lines of weakness formed therein.
 14. An apparatus as claimed in claim 6 wherein a radial length of the fingers is adjustable.
 15. An apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein each gyroscopic device has a gyroscope disc driven by a motor and wherein the apparatus further comprises adjustment means for adjusting or modulating a current through the motor or voltage applied to the motor.
 16. An apparatus as claimed in claim 1, further comprising a global positioning system and tracking function.
 17. An apparatus as claimed in claim 1, further comprising wireless networking functionality linkable to external computer-based systems.
 18. An apparatus as claimed in claim 1, further comprising a heat-management arrangement, wherein heat is recovered from the at least one gyroscopic device and channeled to the wearable element to provide a heating function.
 19. An apparatus as claimed in claim 18 wherein the heat management arrangement comprises the use of a heat-conductive casing to the at least one gyroscopic device.
 20. An apparatus as claimed in claim 18 wherein the heat management arrangement comprises a heat sink that forms a part of a casing to the at least one gyroscopic device.
 21. An apparatus as claimed in claim 18, wherein the wearable element comprises a gyroscope-receiving cup that absorbs heat from the at least one gyroscopic device and disperses the heat into the wearable element to provide the heating function.
 22. An apparatus as claimed in claim 1, further comprising autonomous power generation wherein the autonomous power generation comprises the use of one or more of: conductive fluid droplets between oscillating plates for reclaiming energy from vibrations of motors; where the wearable element comprises a glove, flexible fluidic chambers incorporated into a palmar aspect of the glove with fluidic channels lined with associated electrodes running along a dorsal aspect of the glove; where the wearable element comprises a glove, piezoelectric transducers at a palmar surface configured to harness energy expended during grip; and sliding electrodes configured to harness material shear along a wrist joint by enabling conductive fluid droplets to shear along electrodes.
 23. An apparatus as claimed in claim 1, further comprising a control arrangement to control the precession of the gyroscope.
 24. An apparatus as claimed in claim 1, further comprising a plurality of gyroscopic devices.
 25. An apparatus as claimed in claim 1, wherein the wearable element is a glove, sock, shoe, strap or headgear.
 26. An apparatus as claimed in claim 1, further comprising autonomous power generation for the least one gyroscopic device. 